:: SAFARI DESTINATIONS

KENYA TANZANIA UGANDA RWANDA   INDIAN OCEAN

KENYA.

Geography
Kenya has an area size of 586 000 km² lying on the East Coast of Africa. Compared to many African countries, it has an average surface area. From seashore to 5199m above the sea level, the country is blend by the coastal lowland forest, savannah & open plateau, the northern most Eastern Arc mountains, central highlands with substantial areas of mist forests, the rift valley and it's alkaline lakes, volcanic mountains, escarpments, semi deserts, the western part of the country with it's lowland Kakamega Forest which is the eastern most remnant of the Congo-Guinea rainforest, Lake Victoria and it's papyrus fringed shores and the north eastern areas of arid, semi-arid and desert.

As a result of these varied habitats, over 1,090 species of birds, over 126 large mammals, over 900 species of butterflies, over 700 species fishes and in total over 25,000 species of plants and animals have been recorded in her geographical boundaries.

People
There are over 42 tribal ethnic groups, each with their own dialect though most people in the country speak Kiswahili as well as their own tribal language. English is commonly spoken in the major towns and at all the lodges and hotels.

Climate
The Kenyan climate is very pleasant and variations in altitude and terrain can create contrasts. Generally in the Highlands the climate is cool; elsewhere the temperatures can reach approximately 35 degrees C during the day. The coast is humid and balmy. Over most of the country there are two rainy seasons:

1. The short rains which occur from late October through November.
2. The long rains which occur from late March to early June.

It is possible to visit Kenya during rainy season. Few roads are affected, the parks are fresh and green and there are fewer people and vehicles. July and August are the coolest and are often overcast especially in the morning. December - mid March is the warmest time of the year.

Border posts
The major crossing point between Kenya and Tanzania is at Namanga, which is open 24 hours a day. Other crossings include Lunga Lunga and Taveta. The Ethiopian border post of Moyale is becoming increasingly dangerous because of civil fighting. The border was closed for a while but has now reopened. For those with four-wheel drive vehicles, a more adventurous route to the west near Lake Turkana is quite popular. Ask the locals for advice before trying this route. There is no border post on either side of the border crossing so you'll have to get your visa stamped in Nairobi. Malaba and Busia are the main Ugandan border posts. At present there are no overland crossings with Somalia and Sudan as it is not safe to cross unless part of a refugee convoy.

Rail and Bus
Rail is a safe, reliable form of public transport. Passenger services run from Mombasa to Malaba via Voi, Nairobi, Nakuru and Eldoret. It is essential to book tickets two to three days in advance. Kenya has a good network of buses, as well as matatus (minibuses) and share-taxis, but none are very safe as drivers tend to speed, and horrific accidents are reported regularly. Where possible, rail travel should be the chosen means of transport. Private 18-seater buses offer shuttle services connecting Nairobi and Mombasa with Arusha and Moshi in Tanzania, which are more expensive, but more comfortable and safer.

Airports
Domestic air services operate between the major airports:

* Jomo Kenyatta International, Nairobi (NBO)
* Moi International, Mombasa (MBA)
* Wilson Airport (NBO)
* Eldoret International Airport (ELD)

Note that departure tax is payable when you leave. Ksh 1,000 for local flights and US$20 for international flights (not payable in hard cash). A number of airlines operate between Nairobi, Mombasa, Kisumu, Nanyuki, Malindi, Lamu and the national parks/reserves of Amboseli, Masai Mara and Samburu.

Roads
There are 63,800 km of highways in Kenya, 8,863 km of which are paved. Roads are generally in good condition, but have deteriorated and some stretches are very unsafe. The A104 running from Mombasa to Malaba via Nairobi is a heavy truck route. Roads in the north and north-east are predominantly dirt roads and in the rainy season are only navigable by four-wheel drive vehicles. Your national driving license is accepted, with an English translation if necessary. Driving is on the left side of the road.

Passports and Visas
All incoming visitors to Kenya (except East African Citizens) will now require a visa, irrespective of nationality. Citizens of the following countries need to have a visa prior to arrival in Kenya: Afghanistan, Somalia, Iran, Lebanon, Iraq, Syria, Libya, Mali, Sudan, Nigeria, Yemen, Cameroon, Pakistan, North Korea, Stateless Persons, Armenia, Georgia, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan and Senegal.
The following require visas and may obtain visas upon arrival at Jomo Kenyatta International Airport: Malta , Ireland , Malaysia , Canada and Mozambique.

If your country does not appear above, visas can be obtained at the Airport upon arrival, however, it is advisable to obtain the visa from the nearest Kenyan Embassies/High Commissions abroad prior to departure. Where applicable, visa fees are as follows:

Transit Visa = US$20 per person
Reference Fee: US$10
Single Entry Visa= US$50 for three months (extendable for a similar period)
Multiple Journey Visa= US$100.

Requirements for this are:
* visa application form,
* business letter (for business visa),
* one passport photograph,
* Proof of sufficient funds and onward travel / return ticket.

All visitors may be requested to show proof of sufficient funds and onward travel / return ticket.

General accomodation Information.
Most safari lodges vary in size and style, and are built to blend in with the local environment. Accommodation tends to be of rondavel or banda type, with a lounge, central dining and bar in single unit hotels. Do not be misled by the term “tented accommodation” – these tends to be luxurious insect-proof tents and are usually permanently pitched on concrete bases, often including en suite bathrooms with flush toilets. These are very popular and give the visitor the true experience of being close to nature without the inconvenience and discomfort that can be associated with camping in the open. In the towns, cheaper hotels are definitely avoidable. Prices for higher range hotels vary according to season. Note that although prices may be quoted in US$, payment in local currency is the accepted norm. Campsites in national parks and game reserves tend to be very basic, with running water, but only pit toilets. It is strongly recommended that you reserve all your accommodation as far in advance as possible as availability is often at a premium, especially in peak season.

Health
Some nationalities while entering Kenya must be in possession of a valid International Certificate of Vaccination against yellow fever. It is imperative that you obtain malaria prophylactics before entering Kenya. When purchasing these, please tell your doctor or pharmacist that you intend visiting Kenya. It is important to note that the Kenyan authorities have banned the use of chloroquine combinations as prophylaxis, and instead recommend the use of either mefloquine (Lariam/Mefliam) or doxycycline. Start your course at least one week before entering Kenya and continue taking the pills for six weeks after leaving the country. If you suffer from side effects, try taking your malaria prophylactics at night, after dinner. Precautionary measures that you can take to prevent contact with mosquitoes are: sleeping under a bed net or in room/tent with mosquito proofing (remember to keep the flaps zipped at all times), spraying your accommodation with insecticide, making use of a mosquito repelling lotion or stick and wearing long sleeve clothes, trousers and socks when outside at night. Immunization against typhoid, tetanus, tuberculosis, polio, & meningococcal meningitis are recommended.

Medical services
Medical services in Kenya are good in urban areas and in the vicinity of game parks and beaches, but are limited elsewhere. Doctors and hospitals often require immediate cash payment, but usually accept major credit cards. It is advisable to secure medical cover on your medical insurance before arriving in the country. Note that major hotels have contracts with physicians and dentists. Visitors are however advised to bring along supplies of specialized medication they may require. Otherwise, medicine may be purchased at pharmacies and emergency pharmacies are open all night.

Water
While water in major towns is chlorinated and relatively safe to drink, there are frequent breakdowns and this can lead to mild to serious abdominal upsets for first time African travelers. Rather stick to sealed bottled water, which is available from most hotels and lodges, and which is highly advised for the first few weeks of your stay. Do not use ice cubes or eat rare meat, raw seafood or dairy products. Avoid roadside stands and street vendors and only eat well-cooked foods while they are still hot and fruits that can be peeled without contamination.

Climate
Summer: December – March
Winter: July – August

Kenya is divided by the equator and enjoys a tropical climate. It is hot and humid at the coast, temperate inland and very dry in the north and north-eastern parts of the country. The hottest time is in February and March and the coldest in July and August.

The average annual temperatures in the main areas are:

Mombasa (coastal): Max 30ºC, Min 22ºC
Nairobi: Max 25ºC, Min 13ºC
Northern Kenya: Max 34ºC, Min 23ºC

The long rains occur from April to June and short rains from October to December. Rainfall is sometimes heavy and tends to fall in the afternoon and evenings.

What to pack
Generally, casual comfortable clothing is suitable throughout the year. The most practical items to pack for safari are:

* Dry fast clothes, beige, tan and neutral colors.
* Blouses and shirts with long sleeves (even in summer, they will protect you from the sun and from mosquitoes)
* T shirts.
* Shorts or a light skirt.
* Jeans or safari trousers for evenings and cooler days.
* Some hotels and country clubs require gentlemen to wear a jacket and tie and women to be suitably attired for dinner.
* A jacket and sweater are recommended for early morning and evening game drives.
* Swimwear and beach apparel.
* Comfortable walking shoes.
* Sun block, sunglasses, hat, insect repellent, moisturizer and lip salve are all essentials.

Good quality locally made clothing and shoes for safaris are available in Nairobi and Mombasa at reasonable prices.

If you are traveling with an organized safari, it is important to check what your weight limit is. Generally you will need to restrict your luggage to 10-12 kg (packed in a soft bag) plus a reasonable amount of camera equipment.

When to visit Kenya.
Kenya is a year round destination with excellent bird watching and game viewing. One of Kenya’s greatest attractions is the annual wildebeest migration between Serengeti National Park in Tanzania and Masai Mara National Reserve in Kenya. This takes place between June and October. During January to March the weather is hot and dry and most comfortable for traveling and this is the good time for bird watching and viewing on the Rift Valley lakes as game at perennial water holes is also good at this time. May is less popular time for visiting Kenya as it is the rainy season and flooding often occurs. However, it is usually possible to get around easily during these times and the rains do not hinder visibility.

Currency
The unit of currency is the Kenya Shilling (Ksh), which is divided into 100 cents. Notes are in KSh1000, 500, 200, 100, 50, 20 and 10. Coins are KSH1, and 50, 10 and 5 cents.

Exchange rate
The exchange rate is in your favour. Generally, you will find that fine cuisine, wine and entertainment cost a fraction of the tariffcharged by equivalent establishments elsewhere in the world. The price of a beer starts at Ksh 75. A traditional meal will cost about Ksh 250, while you can expect to pay about Ksh 1,000-1,500 for a more classy meal. Petrol costs about Ksh 85 per liter. A roll of 36-exposure print film will cost about Ksh 300.

Banking hours:
Mon – Fri 0900 Hrs – 1500 Hrs.
First Sat of each month 0900 Hrs – 1200 Hrs.

A few branches in the major towns open until 1600 Hrs on weekdays.

National and international banks have branches in Mombasa, Nairobi, Kisumu, Thika, Eldoret, Kericho and Nyeri and in most other major towns. Banks in Mombasa and the coastal areas open and close half an hour earlier. Banks and foreign exchange bureau at international airports are open 24 hours a day

Credit cards
All major credit cards (MasterCard, Visa, Diners Club and American Express) are widely accepted.

Tipping
Tipping is the appreciation of services offered. It is not compulsory but highly recommended as it is a safari tradition. Most lodges, camps and hotels have a tip box located at the reception, or a central location. We recommend US $ 5 per client per day. Tips left here will be divided amongst the lodge staff that you don't get to meet during your stay. If you are particulary satisfied with assistance received from someone a personal tip is acceptable - a guideline on how tip is as follows. Porters: US $ 5 for the luggage, restaurant staff - 10% of cost consumption per meal, safari guide: US $ 20 per person per day. However, if services are exceptionally good, you are free to give over the guidelines.

Souvenirs.
As in most African countries, there is a huge range of souvenirs to be purchased along the roadside. Always check the quality before buying. Materials include ebony, soapstone and ivory. Note that it is illegal to export products that contain any elements of Elephant, Rhino or Sea turtle. Tribal souvenirs are available, including Maasai beaded jewellery, kiondos (woven sisal baskets) and natural or decorated calabashes (dried gourds). Bright sarongs (kangas or kikois) make good wearable souvenirs. If you are after quality artwork, it is probably wisest to look in galleries and shops that deal in it, rather than buying on the roadside.

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TANZANIA.

Geography
Tanzania has an area of 943, 000 sq km and is the largest of the East African countries. The bulk of the country is highland plateau with a narrow low-lying coastal belt. Tanzania’s highest mountain, the majestic Kilimanjaro (5892) which is a great tourist attraction is located in the north-eastern part of the country along the border with Kenya.

People
Tanzania has a population of 36,588,225 as at the last census in 2004, consisting of more than a hundred different tribal groups mostly of Bantu origin. The Arab influence is evident in the people, who are a mix of Shirazi, Arabs, Comorians and Bantu from the mainland, though the latter predominate. Asians are a minority especially in the towns and cities. Europeans are an even smaller minority.

Climate
Summer: December – March
Winter: March – May

Border posts
Just below the equator, Tanzania borders Kenya and Uganda in the north; Zaire, Rwanda and Burundi in the west; and Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique in the south. Namanga border post (between Tanzania and Kenya) is open 24 hours per day.

Rail and bus
Tanzania has two rail lines: The Tazara line runs from Dar es Salaam to Zambia's New Kapiri Mposhi, via Mbeya and Tunduma. The central line runs from Dar es Salaam to Kigoma and Mwanza, via Morogoro, Dodoma and Tabora.

Rail is a safer but slower travel option, and food can be purchased on board. Crime is not a major problem, but do ensure you have your possessions with you at all times. 'Express' and 'ordinary' buses operate along Tanzania's major long-distance routes. Express buses are more comfortable, make fewer stops, and operate to a schedule, though they are slightly more expensive.

Airports
Domestic air services operate between the major airports:

Dar es Salaam International (DAR)
Kilimanjaro International (JRO)
Kishni, Zanzibar (ZNZ) and Arusha Airport (ARS).

Roads
There are 88,200 km of highways in Tanzania, but only 3,704 km of these are blacktop. The key roads are in good condition, though most of them are in a relatively bad condition.

Road conditions in the reserves and national parks of Tanzania are extremely rough. During the rainy season, many roads are only passable with 4 x 4 vehicles. Tanzania is definitely not recommended as a self-drive destination. Any 4 x 4 drive vehicles for safaris usually have to be hired with a driver guide.

Passports and Visas
This is a guide only – please check with your nearest Tanzanian consulate for up to date information. All visitors are required to carry a passport that is valid for six months beyond the intended length of stay. There should be sufficient blank pages for entry stamps upon arrival.

Nationals of some countries may obtain visas upon arrival. Check with the Tanzanian consulate beforehand.

Zanzibar
Despite being part of the union of Tanzania, Zanzibar remains independent. Passports and a Tanzanian visa are required for even a single day's visit. Requirements may change so you are advised to contact your nearest Tanzanian consulate before finalizing your travel arrangements. Visas cost US$10-60 depending on nationality and are valid for three months.

General accomodation Information.
Most safari lodges vary in size and style, and are built to blend in with the local environment. Accommodation tends to be of rondavel or banda type, with a lounge, central dining and bar in single unit hotels. Do not be misled by the term “tented accommodation” – these tends to be luxurious insect-proof tents and are usually permanently pitched on concrete bases, often including en suite bathrooms with flush toilets. These are very popular and give the visitor the true experience of being close to nature without the inconvenience and discomfort that can be associated with camping in the open. In the towns, cheaper hotels are definitely avoidable. Prices for higher range hotels vary according to season. Note that although prices may be quoted in US$, payment in local currency is the acceptable as well. Campsites in national parks and game reserves tend to be very basic, with running water, but only pit toilets. It is strongly recommended that you reserve all your accommodation as far in advance as possible as availability is often at a premium, especially in peak season.

Health
In February 2008, Tanzania introduced a universal requirement for proof of yellow fever vaccinations for all travelers.  The Ministry of Health and Ministry of Foreign Affairs give conflicting advice on this.  All travelers must have proof of vaccination.  According to reports, this requirement is sporadically and unpredictably enforced for arriving international flights.  We advice visitors to have proof of vaccination to avoid possible complications upon arrival.

It is also crucial that you obtain malaria prophylactics before entering Tanzania. When purchasing these, please tell your doctor or pharmacist that you intend visiting Tanzania. Precautionary measures to take to prevent contact with mosquitoes include: insect repellent, cover up at sundown, sleep under a mosquito net and wear long sleeve clothing and long trousers in the evenings. Immunizations against cholera, polio, hepatitis A & B, typhoid and tetanus are recommended if traveling by road. There is a current warning that certain immigration authorities are insisting on cholera certificates or will administer a vaccine themselves.

Medical services
Medical facilities are limited and medicines are often unavailable. If medical assistance is given, doctors and hospitals require immediate payment. It is therefore advisable to obtain medical insurance prior to travel.

Emergency services and first aid are unavailable outside major cities and tourist areas. It is wise to bring with you any medication you may require, as you will not have access to pharmacies in most of the areas you'll visit.

Safety
Tanzania is considered to be generally safe, but extra care should be taken in Zanzibar and Dar es Salaam.

Water
Drink only boiled or bottled water, and bottled or canned drinks. If camping, bring your own drinking water and all other camping provisions.

What to Pack
Generally, casual comfortable clothing is suitable throughout the year. The most practical items to pack for safari are:

* Dry fast clothes, beige, tan and neutral colors.
* Blouses and shirts with long sleeves.
* T – Shirts.
* Shorts or a light skirt.
* Jeans or safari trousers for evenings and cooler days.
* Some hotels and country clubs require gentlemen to wear a jacket and a tie and women to be suitably attired for dinner.
* A jacket and sweater are recommended for early morning and evening game drives.
* Swimwear and beach apparel.
* Comfortable walking shoes.
* Sun block, sunglasses, hat, insect repellent, moisturizer and lip salve are all essentials.

If you are traveling with an organized safari, it is important to check what your weight limit is. Generally you will need to restrict your luggage to 10-12 kg (packed in a soft bag) plus a reasonable amount of camera equipment.

When to go
Tanzania is a year round destination with excellent bird watching and game viewing. One of Tanzania’s greatest attractions is the annual wildebeest migration between Serengeti National Park in Tanzania and Masai Mara National Reserve in Kenya. This takes place between May to early June and January to March. During January to March the weather is hot and dry and most comfortable for traveling and this is a good time for bird watching and wildlife viewing on the Rift Valley lakes as game at perennial water holes is also good at this time. May is less popular time for visiting Tanzania it is the rainy seasons and flooding often occurs. However, it is usually possible to get around easily during these times and the rains do not hinder visibility.

Currency
Tanzania operates a decimal system based on the Tanzanian Shilling. Notes are in denominations of 200, 500, 1000, 10,000. Foreign currency- cash as well as traveler’s cheques- may be exchanged at banks, bureau de change or the larger hotels. Tipping for good service (10%) is always appreciated.

Exchange rate
Tanzanian Shilling is a weak currency, and prices are likely to be much cheaper in Tanzania than in your home country. Generally you will find that fine cuisine, wine and entertainment cost a fraction of the tariff charged by equivalent establishments elsewhere.

Banks
Banks and foreign exchange bureaus are available at international airports and in all big towns. Banking hours are 0830 Hrs to 1500 Hrs from Monday to Friday, and 0830 Hrs to 13:30 Hrs on Saturdays. A few branches in the major towns open until 1630 Hrs on weekdays.

Foreign currency in cash or traveler’s cheques may be exchanged through authorized dealers, commercial banks, and at Bureau de Change at the international airports, major towns and border posts. Visitors are strongly advised against changing money on the black market.

Credit cards
Visa and MasterCard are accepted by most top hotels and lodges around the country. In addition to credit cards, travelers should bring US dollars cash and traveler’s cheques.

Tipping
Tipping is the appreciation of services offered. It is not compulsory but highly recommended as it is a safari tradition. Most lodges, camps and hotels have a tip box located at the reception, or a central location. We recommend US $ 5 per client per day. Tips left here will be divided amongst the lodge staff that you don't get to meet during your stay. If you are particulary satisfied with assistance received from someone a personal tip is acceptable - a guideline on how tip is as follows. Porters: US $ 5 for the luggage, restaurant staff - 10% of cost consumption per meal, safari guide: US $ 20 per person per day. However, if services are exceptionally good, you are free to give over the guidelines.

Souvenirs.
As in most African countries, there is a huge range of souvenirs to be purchased along the roadside. Always check the quality before buying. Materials include ebony, soapstone and ivory. Note that it is illegal to export products that contain any elements of Elephant, Rhino or Sea turtle. Tribal souvenirs are available, including Maasai beaded jewellery, kiondos (woven sisal baskets) and natural or decorated calabashes (dried gourds). Bright sarongs (kangas or kikois) make good wearable souvenirs. If you are after quality artwork, it is probably wisest to look in galleries and shops that deal in it, rather than buying on the roadside.

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UGANDA

Geography
Uganda is one of the most beautiful countries in Africa, it was known as the pearl of Africa to the first European visitors. Uganda has an area   size of 241, 139 sq km and a population of 24.7 million people. Visitors have always been attracted by its stunning landscape – green rolling hills, snowcapped mountains, rainforest majestic rivers and massive lakes.

People
The people of Uganda's people are complex and diverse. The baganda, one of the main groups are a branch of Bantu speakers widespread in east, central and southern Africa. In the north, the Acholi and Lango are Nilotic speakers and have much in common with natives of southern Sudan. The Teso and Karamajong found in the east are related to the Maasai found in Kenya and Tanzania. In the west, the Ankole and Toro are culturally close to the natives of Rwanda. The famous Pygmies are found in the forests of the west.

Climate
Uganda enjoys a tropical climate tempered by altitude. The country is generally flat though the average altitude is about 1000m. Due to the rather high altitude, temperatures range between 21 to 25°C. The mountain areas of Mount Elgon and the Rwenzori mountains are even cooler and the top of both mountains experiences some snow. The hottest period of the year is from December to February when temperature rise 29 degrees Celsius. The country experiences two rainy seasons: April to May and October to November, with April being the wettest month. The north however has a wet season lasting from April to October. The best times to visit are December-March and June-September.

Border post
Uganda is a landlocked country bordered by Sudan on the North, Kenya on the east, Tanzania on the South, Rwanda on the southwest and Zaire on the northwest.  The main border points which see some type of tourist activities are the border crossing into Rwanda and the Malaba and Busia border crossings into Kenya.

Local travel
There is an extensive service of minibuses connecting most parts of the country from Kampala. Bus service is rather unreliable except for the scheduled service between Entebbe and Kampala. Driving in Uganda is on the left, a legacy of British rule. Rental cars are available at Entebbe and Kampala. You need to show an international drivers license to hire a vehicle.

Passport and Visas
This is a guide only – please check with your nearest Ugandan consulate for up to date information. All visitors are required to carry a passport that is valid for 3 months from date of entry. There should be sufficient blank pages for entry stamps upon arrival. Nationals of some countries may obtain visas upon arrival. Check with the Ugandan consulate beforehand.

General accomodation Information.
Most safari lodges vary in size and style, and are built to blend in with the local environment. Accommodation tends to be of rondavel or banda type, with a lounge, central dining and bar in single unit hotels. Do not be misled by the term “tented accommodation” – these tends to be luxurious insect-proof tents and are usually permanently pitched on concrete bases, often including en suite bathrooms with flush toilets. These are very popular and give the visitor the true experience of being close to nature without the inconvenience and discomfort that can be associated with camping in the open. In the towns, cheaper hotels are definitely avoidable. Prices for higher range hotels vary according to season. Note that although prices may be quoted in US$, payment in local currency is the accepted norm. Campsites in national parks and game reserves tend to be very basic, with running water, but only pit toilets. It is strongly recommended that you reserve all your accommodation as far in advance as possible as availability is often at a premium, especially in peak season.

Health
Visitors over 1 year of age from yellow fever infected areas require yellow fever international certificate of vaccination. Exemptions are made for visitors arriving from non-endemic areas such as Europe, North America, Australia and New Zealand. Visitors from non-endemic areas, if traveling outside urban areas are encouraged to obtain a vaccination. Cholera is a serious health risk in this country and precautions are called for. Typhoid is also widespread and immunization is advisable.

Malaria is widespread throughout the country including urban centers such as Kampala, Fort Portal, Jinja, Mbale and the Kigezi area. Visitors are strongly advised to take anti-malaria medication commencing two weeks before travel. Note that resistance to chloroquine has been reported. Bilharzia is a risk and you are advised not to swim or paddle in fresh water lakes and rivers. Swimming pools in good hotels and clubs are usually well chlorinated and maintained and are safe. Tuberculosis and hepatitis (A, B & E) are present in Uganda.

HIV-AIDS is prevalent in the country and needless to say prudent measures are necessary. Good hospitals, health facilities and chemists are only to be found in the main towns. Medical facilities for advanced treatment including surgery are scarce even in Kampala.

Medical services
Medical services in Uganda are good in Kampala and Entebbe, but are limited elsewhere. Doctors and hospitals often require immediate cash payment, but usually accept major credit cards. It is advisable to secure medical cover on your medical insurance before arriving in the country. Note that major hotels have contracts with physicians and dentists. Visitors are however advised to bring along supplies of specialized medication they may require.

Safety
Travel in Uganda is generally safe, with the exception of the extreme northern part of the country. You are advised to remain informed on the situation in areas to which you plan to travel. Petty crime and theft occurs in some of the urban areas, so be vigilant and keep valuables concealed. Security within the parks is quite good, but never leaves possessions unattended. It is always better to travel in a large group.

Water
While water in major towns is chlorinated and relatively safe to drink, there are frequent breakdowns and this can lead to mild to serious abdominal upsets for first time African travellers. Rather stick to sealed bottled water, which is available from most hotels and lodges, and which is highly advised for the first few weeks of your stay. Do not use ice cubes or eat rare meat, raw seafood or dairy products. Avoid roadside stands and street vendors and only eat well-cooked foods while they are still hot and fruits that can be peeled without contamination.

What to pack
Generally, casual comfortable clothing is suitable throughout the year. The most practical items to pack for safari are:

* Dry fast clothes, beige, tan and neutral colors.
* Blouses and shirts with long sleeves (even in summer, they will protect you from the sun and from mosquitoes).
* T - Shirts.
* Shorts or a light skirt.
* Jeans or safari trousers for evenings and cooler days.
* Some hotels and country clubs require gentlemen to wear a jacket and tie and women to be suitably attired for dinner.
* A jacket and sweater are recommended for early morning and evening game drives.
* Swimwear and beach apparel.
* Comfortable walking shoes.
* Sun block, sunglasses, hat, insect repellent, moisturizer and lip salve are all essentials.

If you are traveling with an organized safari, it is important to check what your weight limit is. Generally you will need to restrict your luggage to 10-12 kg (packed in a soft bag) plus a reasonable amount of camera equipment.

When to go
Uganda is a year round destination with excellent bird watching and game viewing. One of Uganda’s greatest attractions is the Mountain Gorillas and Chimpanzees in Bwindi Impenetrable Forest. The best time of the year to visit Uganda is just after the rains between October and November and March as the weather at this time of year is generally dry and this is a good time for bird viewing and watching Mountain Gorillas.

Banking
Banking:    Monday to Friday: 0830-1400

Money
The unit of currency is the Uganda shilling. The US dollar is traditionally the hard currency of preference, but the Euro and Pound Sterling are also widely accepted. Hard currency cash can be changed for local currency at banks and private bureaux de change in all large towns, but travellers’ cheques are not widely accepted outside Kampala. Local currency can be drawn against Visa and other major credit cards at selected ATMs in Kampala, at Entebbe International Airport, and in a few other large towns.

Tipping
Tipping is the appreciation of services offered. It is not compulsory but highly recommended as it is a safari tradition. Most lodges, camps and hotels have a tip box located at the reception, or a central location. We recommend US $ 5 per client per day. Tips left here will be divided amongst the lodge staff that you don't get to meet during your stay. If you are particulary satisfied with assistance received from someone a personal tip is acceptable - a guideline on how tip is as follows. Porters: US $ 5 for the luggage, restaurant staff - 10% of cost consumption per meal, safari guide: US $ 20 per person per day. However, if services are exceptionally good, you are free to give over the guidelines.

Souvenirs.
As in most African countries, there is a huge range of souvenirs to be purchased along the roadside. Always check the quality before buying. Materials include ebony, soapstone and ivory. Note that it is illegal to export products that contain any elements of Elephant, Rhino or Sea turtle. Tribal souvenirs are available, including Maasai beaded jewellery, kiondos (woven sisal baskets) and natural or decorated calabashes (dried gourds). Bright sarongs (kangas or kikois) make good wearable souvenirs. If you are after quality artwork, it is probably wisest to look in galleries and shops that deal in it, rather than buying on the roadside.

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RWANDA

Geography
Rwanda is a landlocked country in eastern Africa bordered by Uganda in the north, Tanzania in the east, Burundi in the south and Zaire to the north-west. It is situated on the eastern rim of the Albertine Rift, a western arm of the Great Rift Valley, on the watershed between Africa's two largest river systems: the Nile and the Congo. Much of the country's 26,338 sq km are impressively mountainous, the highest peak being Karisimbi (4,507m) in the volcanic Virunga chain protected by the Volcanoes National Park. The largest body of water is Lake Kivu, but there are other numerous lakes around the country, notably Burera, Ruhondo, Muhazi and Mugesera, some of which have erratic shapes following the contours of the steep mountains that enclose them.

People
The original inhabitants of Rwanda were the Twa pygmies who have mostly been displaced by the two bigger tribes, the Tutsi making up 19% of the population and Hutus at 80%. The official languages are French English and Kinya-rwanda. Swahili the lingua franca of eastern African countries is spoken though on a smaller scale in comparison to Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda.

Climate
Most of Rwanda is 3,000 ft above sea level, and this contributes to a pleasant tropical highland climate, with a daily temperature range as great as 14°C (25°F). The temperature varies considerably from region to region because of the altitude difference. The average daytime temperature is about 30°C except in the highlands where it is much cooler. There are four seasons; long rains from mid March to mid May, short rains from mid-October to mid-December; long dry period from mid-May to mid-October and short dry season from mid-December to mid-March. The north-east has more rainfall than other parts of the country.

Getting around
Rwanda has possibly the best roads in East Africa. Most visitors who have booked through a tour company will be provided with good private vehicles, usually 4 x 4s. All of the major centers are connected with local and luxury bus services. Air charter services are available anywhere in the country.

Passports and Visas
This is a guide only – please check with your nearest Rwandan consulate for up to date information. All visitors are required to carry a passport that is valid for 3 months beyond the intended length of stay. There should be sufficient blank pages for entry stamps. The visa cost US $ 60 and can be bought upon arrival.

General accomodation Information.
Most safari lodges vary in size and style, and are built to blend in with the local environment. Accommodation tends to be of rondavel or banda type, with a lounge, central dining and bar in single unit hotels. Do not be misled by the term “tented accommodation” – these tend to be luxurious insect-proof tents and are usually permanently pitched on concrete bases, often including en suite bathrooms with flush toilets. These are very popular and give the visitor the true experience of being close to nature without the inconvenience and discomfort that can be associated with camping in the open. In the towns, cheaper hotels are definitely avoidable. Prices for higher range hotels vary according to season. Note that although prices may be quoted in US$, payment in local currency is the accepted norm. Campsites in national parks and game reserves tend to be very basic, with running water, but only pit toilets. It is strongly recommended that you reserve all your accommodation as far in advance as possible as availability is often at a premium, especially in peak season.

Health
A certificate of yellow-fever vaccination is required. Much of Rwanda lies at too high an elevation for malaria to be a major concern, but the disease is present and prophylactic drugs are strongly recommended.

Safety
Most of Rwanda is currently safe, the capital city, national parks and other outlying towns are entirely safe for visitors, but anywhere close to the border of Congo (Zaire) and Burundi are not entirely safe and should be avoided.

Water
While water in major towns is chlorinated and relatively safe to drink, there are frequent breakdowns and this can lead to mild to serious abdominal upsets for first time African travellers. Rather stick to sealed bottled water, which is available from most hotels and lodges, and which is highly advised for the first few weeks of your stay. Do not use ice cubes or eat rare meat, raw seafood or dairy products. Avoid roadside stands and street vendors and only eat well-cooked foods while they are still hot and fruits that can be peeled without contamination.

What to pack
Generally speaking, casual comfortable clothing is suitable throughout the year.

Dress codes are informal. Daytime temperatures are generally warm, so bring lots of light clothing, supplemented by light sweaters for the cool evenings and heavier clothing for the Parc des Volcans and Nyungwe. When tracking gorillas, it is advisable to wear sturdier clothing and shoes to protect against stinging nettles and other impediments while hiking. A hat and sunglasses provide protection against the sun, and a waterproof jacket may come in handy in the higher elevations of the mountains.

When to go
Rwanda can be visited any time of the year even during the rainy seasons as the scenery then is greener and the skies are clearer. The wet seasons season is the best time to trek chimpanzees in Nyungwe forest as they during dry season’s wander further away into the forest and consequently are harder to spot. There are two rainy seasons. The long rains from mid February to beginning of June and the short rains from mid September to mid December. Although it can be raining quite heavily in the mountains these periods, it is no problem to travel these periods either.

The main dry season lasts from June to September and is the best time to trek the gorillas in Volcanoes National Park. It is also worth noting that with the above mentioned, the climate is not uniform throughout the country. It is drier in the east than in the west and north. Sometimes the volcanoes can even be capped in snow. Kigali and Volcanoes National Park can become rather chilly. The areas around Lake Kivu are generally rather sunny and pleasant all year round.

Money
The unit of currency is the Rwanda franc. The US dollar is the hard currency of preference. It may be impossible to exchange travelers' cheques away from the capital. Credit cards are usually only accepted at the major hotels in Kigali.

Banking
Monday to Friday: 0830 Hrs -1130 Hrs and 1330 Hrs -1630 Hrs
Saturday: 0830 Hrs – 1130 Hrs.

Tipping
Tipping is the appreciation of services offered. It is not compulsory but highly recommended as it is a safari tradition. Most lodges, camps and hotels have a tip box located at the reception, or a central location. We recommend US $ 5 per client per day. Tips left here will be divided amongst the lodge staff that you don't get to meet during your stay. If you are particulary satisfied with assistance received from someone a personal tip is acceptable - a guideline on how tip is as follows. Porters: US $ 5 for the luggage, restaurant staff - 10% of cost consumption per meal, safari guide: US $ 20 per person per day. However, if services are exceptionally good, you are free to give over the guidelines.

Souvenirs.
As in most African countries, there is a huge range of souvenirs to be purchased along the roadside. Always check the quality before buying. Materials include ebony, soapstone and ivory. Note that it is illegal to export products that contain any elements of Elephant, Rhino or Sea turtle. Tribal souvenirs are available, including Maasai beaded jewellery, kiondos (woven sisal baskets) and natural or decorated calabashes (dried gourds). Bright sarongs (kangas or kikois) make good wearable souvenirs. If you are after quality artwork, it is probably wisest to look in galleries and shops that deal in it, rather than buying on the roadside.
                                                               
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