:: SAFARI DESTINATIONS

KENYA TANZANIA UGANDA RWANDA ETHIOPIA   INDIAN OCEAN

KENYA (The land of safari).

Geography: Kenya has an area size of 586 000 km² lying on the East Coast of Africa. Compared to many African countries, it has an average surface area. From seashore to 5199m above the sea level, the country is blend by the coastal lowland forest, savannah & open plateau, the northern most Eastern Arc mountains, central highlands with substantial areas of mist forests, the rift valley and it's alkaline lakes, volcanic mountains, escarpments, semi deserts, the western part of the country with it's lowland Kakamega Forest which is the eastern most remnant of the Congo-Guinea rainforest, Lake Victoria and it's papyrus fringed shores and the north eastern areas of arid, semi-arid and desert.

As a result of these varied habitats, over 1,090 species of birds, over 126 large mammals, over 900 species of butterflies, over 700 species fishes and in total over 25,000 species of plants and animals have been recorded in her geographical boundaries.

- Kenya immortalised the safari with legendary personalities such as Earnest Hemingway and Karen Blixen.
- Kenya's people are warm, friendly and hospitable.
- Kenya's Masai Mara is renowned for the annual Great Migration of millions of herbivores.
- Maasai and Samburu tribes people live and tend their livestock alongside the resident wildlife.
- The country abounds in diverse landscapes, including the spectacular Great Rift Valley.
- It is one of the best countries in Africa for seeing large concentrations of animals all throughout the year.
- Kenya is a birdwatcher's dream destination, with more than 1,000 species recorded.
- Up to 2 million Lesser Flamingos can be found migration along Lake Nakuru, Lake Magadi, Elementaita, Bogoria and Turkana.
- Mt. Kenya is the second highest mountain in Africa and features a number of permanent glaciers.
- View of Tanzania's Mt. Kilimanjaro from Kenya's Amboseli National Park. 
- The coastline is beautiful, particulary the islands of Lamu, Manda and Pate. Old Lamu Town is a World Heritage Site.

People: There are over 42 tribal ethnic groups, each with their own dialect though most people in the country speak Kiswahili as well as their own tribal language. English is commonly spoken in the major towns and at all the camps, lodges and hotels.

Climate: The Kenyan climate is very pleasant and variations in altitude and terrain can create contrasts. Generally in the highlands the climate is cool; elsewhere the temperatures can reach approximately 35 degrees C during the day. The coast is humid and balmy. Over most of the country there are two rainy seasons: The short rains which occur from late October through Novemberand the long rains which occur from late March to early June.

It is possible to visit Kenya during rainy season. Few roads are affected, the parks are fresh and green and there are fewer people and vehicles. July and August are the coolest and are often overcast especially in the morning. December - mid March is the warmest time of the year.

Border posts: The major crossing point between Kenya and Tanzania is at Namanga, which is open 24 hours a day. Other crossings include Lunga Lunga and Taveta. The Ethiopian border post of Moyale is becoming increasingly dangerous because of civil fighting. The border was closed for a while but has now reopened. For those with four-wheel drive vehicles, a more adventurous route to the west near Lake Turkana is quite popular. Ask the locals for advice before trying this route. There is no border post on either side of the border crossing so you'll have to get your visa stamped in Nairobi. Malaba and Busia are the main Ugandan border posts. At present there are no overland crossings with Somalia and Sudan as it is not safe to cross unless part of a refugee convoy.

Rail and bus: Rail is a safe, reliable form of public transport. Passenger services run from Mombasa to Malaba via Voi, Nairobi, Nakuru and Eldoret. It is essential to book tickets two to three days in advance. Kenya has a good network of buses, as well as matatus (minibuses) and shared-taxis, but none are very safe as drivers tend to speed, and horrific accidents are reported regularly. Where possible, rail travel should be the chosen means of transport. Private 18-seater buses offer shuttle services connecting Nairobi and Mombasa with Arusha and Moshi in Tanzania, which are more expensive, but more comfortable and safer.

Airports: Domestic air services operate between the major airports: Jomo Kenyatta International, Nairobi (NBO), Moi International, Mombasa (MBA), Wilson Airport (NBO) and Eldoret International Airport (ELD).

Note: Departure tax is payable when you leave. Ksh 1,000 for local flights and US $ 20 for international flights (payable in hard cash and subject to change). A number of airlines operate between Nairobi, Mombasa, Kisumu, Nanyuki, Malindi, Lamu and the national parks/reserves of Amboseli, Lewa, Meru, Tsavo East / West, Masai Mara and Samburu.

Roads: There are 63,800 km of highways in Kenya, 8,863 km of which are paved. Roads at the moment are generally in good condition. The A 104 running from Mombasa to Malaba via Nairobi is a heavy truck route. Roads in the north and north-east are predominantly dirt roads and in the rainy season are only navigable by four-wheel drive vehicles. Your national driving license is accepted for three months (more than that you require an international driving licence), with an English translation if necessary. Driving is on the left side of the road.

Passports and Visas: All incoming visitors to Kenya (except East African Citizens) will now require a visa, irrespective of nationality. Citizens of the following countries need to have a visa prior to arrival in Kenya: Afghanistan, Somalia, Iran, Lebanon, Iraq, Syria, Libya, Mali, Sudan, Nigeria, Yemen, Cameroon, Pakistan, North Korea, Stateless Persons, Armenia, Georgia, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan and Senegal. Citizens of the following countries require visas and may obtain visas upon arrival at the point of entry: Malta , Ireland , Malaysia , Canada and Mozambique.

If your country does not appear above, visas can be obtained at the point of entry, however, it is advisable to obtain the visa from the nearest Kenyan Embassies/High Commissions abroad prior to departure. Where applicable, visa fees are as follows (please note this is only a guideline and the visa fees are subject to change):

Transit visa = US $ 20 per person, Reference fee: US $ 10 per person, Single entry visa= US $ 50 for three months (extendable for a similar period) and Multiple journey visa= US $ 100.

Requirements for this are: Visa application form, Business letter (for business visa), One passport photograph and Proof of sufficient funds and onward travel / return ticket. All visitors may be requested to show proof of sufficient funds and onward travel / return ticket.

General accomodation information: Most safari lodges, camps and hotels vary in size and style, and are built to blend in with the local environment. Accommodation tends to be of rondavel or banda type, with a lounge, central dining and bar in single unit hotels. Do not be misled by the term “tented accommodation” – these tends to be luxurious insect-proof tents and are usually permanently pitched on concrete bases, often including en suite bathrooms with flush toilets. These are very popular and give the visitor the true experience of being close to nature without the inconvenience and discomfort that can be associated with camping in the open. In the towns, cheaper hotels are definitely avoidable. Prices for higher range hotels vary according to season. Note that although prices may be quoted in US Dollars, payment in local currency is the accepted norm. Campsites in national parks and game reserves are very basic, with running water, showers and pit toilets. It is strongly recommended that you reserve all your accommodation as far in advance as possible as availability is often at a premium, especially in peak season.

Health: Some nationalities while entering Kenya must be in possession of a valid International Certificate of Vaccination against yellow fever. It is imperative that you obtain malaria prophylactics before entering Kenya. When purchasing these, please tell your doctor or pharmacist that you intend visiting Kenya. It is important to note that the Kenyan authorities have banned the use of chloroquine combinations as prophylaxis, and instead recommend the use of either mefloquine (Lariam/Mefliam) or doxycycline. Start your course at least one week before entering Kenya and continue taking the pills for six weeks after leaving the country. If you suffer from side effects, try taking your malaria prophylactics at night, after dinner. Precautionary measures that you can take to prevent contact with mosquitoes are: sleeping under a bed net or in room/tent with mosquito proofing (remember to keep the flaps zipped at all times), spraying your accommodation with insecticide, making use of a mosquito repelling lotion or stick and wearing long sleeve clothes, trousers and socks when outside at night. Immunization against typhoid, tetanus, tuberculosis, polio, & meningococcal meningitis are recommended.

Medical services: Medical services in Kenya are good in urban areas and in the vicinity of game parks/reserves and beaches, but are limited elsewhere. Doctors and hospitals often require immediate cash payment, but usually accept major credit cards. It is advisable to secure medical cover on your medical insurance before arriving in the country. Note that major hotels have contracts with physicians and dentists. Visitors are however advised to bring along supplies of specialized medication they may require. Otherwise, medicine may be purchased at pharmacies and emergency pharmacies are open all night.

Water: While water in major towns is chlorinated and relatively safe to drink, there are frequent breakdowns and this can lead to mild and serious abdominal upsets for first time African travelers. Rather stick to sealed bottled water, which is available from most hotels and lodges, and which is highly advised for the first few weeks of your stay. Do not use ice cubes or eat rare meat, raw seafood or dairy products. Avoid roadside stands and street vendors and only eat well-cooked foods while they are still hot and fruits that can be peeled without contamination.

Climate: Summer: September – April, Winter: May – August and rainfall seasons: April - May (long rains), November - mid-December (short rains). Kenya is divided by the equator and enjoys a tropical climate. It is hot and humid at the coast, temperate inland and very dry in the north and north-eastern parts of the country. The hottest time is in February and March and the coldest in July and August. The average annual temperatures in the main areas are: Mombasa (coastal): Max 30ºC, Min 22ºC, Nairobi: Max 25ºC, Min 13ºC , Northern Kenya: Max 34ºC, Min 23ºC.

What to pack: Generally, casual comfortable clothing is suitable throughout the year. The most practical items to pack for safari are:
* Dry fast clothes, beige, tan and neutral colours.
* Blouses and shirts with long sleeves (even in summer, they will protect you from the sun and from mosquitoes)
* T shirts.
* Shorts or a light skirt.
* Jeans or safari trousers for evenings and cooler days.
* Some hotels and country clubs require gentlemen to wear a jacket and tie and women to be suitably attired for dinner.
* A jacket and sweater are recommended for early morning and evening game drives.
* Swimwear and beach apparel.
* Comfortable walking shoes.
* Sun block, sunglasses, hat, insect repellent, moisturizer and lip salve are all essentials.

Good quality locally made clothing and shoes for safaris are available in Nairobi and Mombasa at reasonable prices. If you are traveling with an organized safari or using internal flights, it is important to check what your weight limit is. Generally you will need to restrict your luggage to 10-15 kg (packed in a soft bag) plus a reasonable amount of camera equipment.

When to visit Kenya: Kenya is a year round destination with excellent bird watching and game viewing. One of Kenya’s greatest attractions is the annual wildebeest migration between Serengeti National Park in Tanzania and Masai Mara National Reserve in Kenya. This takes place between June and October. During January to March the weather is hot and dry and most comfortable for traveling and this is the good time for bird watching and viewing on the Rift Valley lakes as game at perennial water holes is also good at this time. May is less popular time for visiting Kenya as it is the rainy season and flooding often occurs. However, it is usually possible to get around easily during these times and the rains do not hinder visibility.

Currency: The unit of currency is the Kenya Shilling (Ksh), which is divided into 100 cents. Notes are in Ksh 1000, 500, 200, 100 and 50. Coins are Ksh 1, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 50 cents.

Exchange rates: The exchange rate is in your favour. Generally, you will find that fine cuisine, wine and entertainment cost a fraction of the tariff charged by equivalent establishments elsewhere in the world. The price of a beer starts at Ksh 180. A traditional meal will cost about Ksh 800, while you can expect to pay about Ksh 1,500 - 2,000 for a more classy meal. Petrol costs about Ksh 95 per liter. A roll of 36-exposure print film will cost about Ksh 500.

Banking hours: Monday – Friday 0800 hours – 1600 hours. Saturdays 0800 hours – 1200 hours. A few branches in the major towns open until 2000 hours on weekdays. National and International banks have branches in Mombasa, Nairobi, Kisumu, Thika, Eldoret, Kericho and Nyeri and in most other major towns. Banks in Mombasa and the coastal areas open and close half an hour earlier. Banks and foreign exchange bureau at international airports are open 24 hours a day.

Credit cards: All major credit cards (Master Card, Visa, Diners Club and American Express) are widely accepted but in most cases they attract a 5% surcharge so it is important to double check this before payments.

Tipping: Tipping is the appreciation of services offered. It is not compulsory but highly recommended as it is a safari tradition. Most lodges, camps and hotels have a tip box located at the reception, or a central location, we recommend US $ 5 per client per day, tips left here will be divided amongst the camp, hotel and lodge staff that you don't get to meet during your stay. If you are particulary satisfied with assistance received from someone a personal tip is acceptable - a guideline on how tip is as follows. Porters: US $ 5 for the luggage, restaurant staff - 10% of cost consumption per meal, safari guide: US $ 20 per day. However, if services are exceptionally good, you are free to give over the guidelines.

Souvenirs: As in most African countries, there is a huge range of souvenirs to be purchased along the roadside. Always check the quality before buying. Materials include ebony and soapstone. Note that it is illegal to export products that contain any elements of Elephant, Rhino or Sea turtle. Tribal souvenirs are available, including Maasai beaded jewellery, kiondos (woven sisal baskets) and natural or decorated calabashes (dried gourds). Bright sarongs (kangas or kikois) make good wearable souvenirs. If you are after quality artwork, it is probably wisest to look in galleries and shops that deal in it, rather than buying on the roadside.

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TANZANIA (Discover the home of the Great Migration).

- Tanzanians are courteous, sincere, friedly and hospitable.
- Tanzania is one of the best Africa's best-kept secrets, less well known than Kenya, even thogh it is home to Africa's highest mountain, and bordered by Africa's three largest lakes.
- Natural highlights abound, including Ngorongoro Crater, Olduvai Gorge, the Great Rift Valley and the vast Serengeti.
- The annual great migration is a once-in-a-lifetime experience.
- More than 25% of Tanzania is dedicated to conservation areas protecting over 20% of Africa's large mammals.
- View the "Big 10" in Tanzania - elephant, buffalo, rhino, lion, leopard, cheetah, wild dog, hippo, zebra and giraffe - plus famous chimpanzees on the shores of Lake Tanganyika.
- Tanzania is a year round birding destination boasting over 1,000 bird species.
- Combine big game viewing with relaxed beach holidays.
- Guided walking trails and river boat excursions are a great way to view game.
- Tanzanite, a rare and beautiful gemstone, is mined only in Tanzania.

Geography: Tanzania has an area of 943, 000 sq km and is the largest of the East African countries. The bulk of the country is highland plateau with a narrow low-lying coastal belt. Tanzania’s highest mountain, the majestic Kilimanjaro (5892) which is a great tourist attraction is located in the north-eastern part of the country along the border with Kenya.

People: Tanzania has a population of 36,588,225 as at the last census in 2004, consisting of more than a hundred different tribal groups mostly of Bantu origin. The Arab influence is evident in the people, who are a mix of Shirazi, Arabs, Comorians and Bantu from the mainland, though the latter predominate. Asians are a minority especially in the towns and cities. Europeans are an even smaller minority.

Climate: Summer: December – March. Winter: March – May.

Border posts: Just below the equator, Tanzania borders Kenya and Uganda in the north; Zaire, Rwanda and Burundi in the west; and Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique in the south. Namanga border post (between Tanzania and Kenya) is open 24 hours per day.

Rail and bus: Tanzania has two rail lines: The Tazara line runs from Dar es Salaam to Zambia's New Kapiri Mposhi, via Mbeya and Tunduma. The central line runs from Dar es Salaam to Kigoma and Mwanza, via Morogoro, Dodoma and Tabora. Rail is a safer but slower travel option, and food can be purchased on board. Crime is not a major problem, but do ensure you have your possessions with you at all times. 'Express' and 'ordinary' buses operate along Tanzania's major long-distance routes. Express buses are more comfortable, make fewer stops, and operate to a schedule, though they are slightly more expensive.

Airports: Domestic air services operate between the major airports: Dar es Salaam International (DAR), Kilimanjaro International (JRO), Kishni, Zanzibar (ZNZ) and Arusha Airport (ARS).

Roads: There are 88,200 km of highways in Tanzania, but only 3,704 km of these are blacktop. The key roads are in good condition, though most of them are in a relatively bad condition. Road conditions in the reserves and national parks of Tanzania are extremely rough. During the rainy season, many roads are only passable with 4 x 4 vehicles. Tanzania is definitely not recommended as a self-drive destination. Any 4 x 4 drive vehicles for safaris usually have to be hired with a driver guide.

Passports and Visas: This is a guide only – please check with your nearest Tanzanian consulate for up to date information. All visitors are required to carry a passport that is valid for six months beyond the intended length of stay. There should be sufficient blank pages for entry stamps upon arrival. Nationals of some countries may obtain visas upon arrival. Check with the Tanzanian consulate beforehand.

Zanzibar: Despite being part of the union of Tanzania, Zanzibar remains independent. Passports and a Tanzanian visa are required for even a single day's visit. Requirements may change so you are advised to contact your nearest Tanzanian consulate before finalizing your travel arrangements. Visas cost US$10-60 depending on nationality and are valid for three months.

General accomodation Information: Most safari lodges vary in size and style, and are built to blend in with the local environment. Accommodation tends to be of rondavel or banda type, with a lounge, central dining and bar in single unit hotels. Do not be misled by the term “tented accommodation” – these tends to be luxurious insect-proof tents and are usually permanently pitched on concrete bases, often including en suite bathrooms with flush toilets. These are very popular and give the visitor the true experience of being close to nature without the inconvenience and discomfort that can be associated with camping in the open. In the towns, cheaper hotels are definitely avoidable. Prices for higher range hotels vary according to season. Note that although prices may be quoted in US$, payment in local currency is the acceptable as well. Campsites in national parks and game reserves tend to be very basic, with running water, but only pit toilets. It is strongly recommended that you reserve all your accommodation as far in advance as possible as availability is often at a premium, especially in peak season.

Health: In February 2008, Tanzania introduced a universal requirement for proof of yellow fever vaccinations for all travelers.  The Ministry of Health and Ministry of Foreign Affairs give conflicting advice on this.  All travelers must have proof of vaccination.  According to reports, this requirement is sporadically and unpredictably enforced for arriving international flights.  We advice visitors to have proof of vaccination to avoid possible complications upon arrival.

It is also crucial that you obtain malaria prophylactics before entering Tanzania. When purchasing these, please tell your doctor or pharmacist that you intend visiting Tanzania. Precautionary measures to take to prevent contact with mosquitoes include: insect repellent, cover up at sundown, sleep under a mosquito net and wear long sleeve clothing and long trousers in the evenings. Immunizations against cholera, polio, hepatitis A & B, typhoid and tetanus are recommended if traveling by road. There is a current warning that certain immigration authorities are insisting on cholera certificates or will administer a vaccine themselves.

Medical services: Medical facilities are limited and medicines are often unavailable. If medical assistance is given, doctors and hospitals require immediate payment. It is therefore advisable to obtain medical insurance prior to travel. We offer emergency evacuation services and first aid in all our tours. It is wise to bring with you any medication you may require, as you will not have access to pharmacies in most of the areas you'll visit.

Safety: Tanzania is considered to be generally safe, but extra care should be taken while in Zanzibar and Dar es Salaam.

Water: Drink only boiled, bottled or canned drinks. If camping, bring your own drinking water and all other camping provisions.

What to Pack: Generally, casual comfortable clothing is suitable throughout the year. The most practical items to pack for safari are:

* Dry fast clothes, beige, tan and neutral colors.
* Blouses and shirts with long sleeves.
* T – Shirts.
* Shorts or a light skirt.
* Jeans or safari trousers for evenings and cooler days.
* Some hotels and country clubs require gentlemen to wear a jacket and a tie and women to be suitably attired for dinner.
* A jacket and sweater are recommended for early morning and evening game drives.
* Swimwear and beach apparel.
* Comfortable walking shoes.
* Sun block, sunglasses, hat, insect repellent, moisturizer and lip salve are all essentials.

If you are traveling with an organized safari, it is important to check what your weight limit is. Generally you will need to restrict your luggage to 10-12 kg (packed in a soft bag) plus a reasonable amount of camera equipment.

When to go: Tanzania is a year round destination with excellent bird watching and game viewing. One of Tanzania’s greatest attractions is the annual wildebeest migration between Serengeti National Park in Tanzania and Masai Mara National Reserve in Kenya. This takes place between May to early June and January to March. During January to March the weather is hot and dry and most comfortable for traveling and this is a good time for bird watching and wildlife viewing on the Rift Valley lakes as game at perennial water holes is also good at this time. May is less popular time for visiting Tanzania it is the rainy seasons and flooding often occurs. However, it is usually possible to get around easily during these times and the rains do not hinder visibility.

Currency: Tanzania operates a decimal system based on the Tanzanian Shilling. Notes are in denominations of 200, 500, 1000, 10,000. Foreign currency- cash as well as traveler’s cheques- may be exchanged at banks, bureau de change or the larger hotels.

Exchange rate: Tanzanian Shilling is a weak currency, and prices are likely to be much cheaper in Tanzania than in your home country. Generally you will find that fine cuisine, wine and entertainment cost a fraction of the tariff charged by equivalent establishments elsewhere.

Banks: Banks and foreign exchange bureaus are available at international airports and in all big towns. Banking hours are 0830 Hrs to 1500 Hrs from Monday to Friday, and 0830 Hrs to 13:30 Hrs on Saturdays. A few branches in the major towns open until 1630 Hrs on weekdays. Foreign currency in cash or traveler’s cheques may be exchanged through authorized dealers, commercial banks, and at Bureau de Change at the international airports, major towns and border posts. Visitors are strongly advised against changing money on the black market.

Credit cards: Visa and Master Card are accepted by most top hotels and lodges around the country although they attract a 3 % to 5% surcharge - you may need to double check this before any payments. In addition to credit cards, travelers should bring US dollars cash and traveler’s cheques.

Tipping: Tipping is the appreciation of services offered. It is not compulsory but highly recommended as it is a safari tradition. Most lodges, camps and hotels have a tip box located at the reception, or a central location. We recommend US $ 5 per client per day. Tips left here will be divided amongst the lodge staff that you don't get to meet during your stay. If you are particulary satisfied with assistance received from someone a personal tip is acceptable - a guideline on how tip is as follows. Porters: US $ 5 for the luggage, restaurant staff - 10% of cost consumption per meal, safari guide: US $ 20 per day. However, if services are exceptionally good, you are free to give over the guidelines.

Souvenirs: As in most African countries, there is a huge range of souvenirs to be purchased along the roadside. Always check the quality before buying. Materials include ebony and soapstone. Note that it is illegal to export products that contain any elements of Elephant, Rhino or Sea turtle. Tribal souvenirs are available, including Maasai beaded jewellery, kiondos (woven sisal baskets) and natural or decorated calabashes (dried gourds). Bright sarongs (kangas or kikois) make good wearable souvenirs. If you are after quality artwork, it is probably wisest to look in galleries and shops that deal in it, rather than buying on the roadside.

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UGANDA.

Geography: Uganda is one of the most beautiful countries in Africa, it was known as 'the pearl of Africa' to the first European visitors. Uganda has an area   size of 241, 139 sq km and a population of 24.7 million people. Visitors have always been attracted by its stunning landscape – green rolling hills, snowcapped mountains, rainforest majestic rivers and massive lakes.

People: The people of Uganda's people are complex and diverse. The baganda, one of the main groups are a branch of Bantu speakers widespread in east, central and southern Africa. In the north, the Acholi and Lango are Nilotic speakers and have much in common with natives of southern Sudan. The Teso and Karamajong found in the east are related to the Maasai found in Kenya and Tanzania. In the west, the Ankole and Toro are culturally close to the natives of Rwanda. The famous Pygmies are found in the forests of the west.

Climate: Uganda enjoys a tropical climate tempered by altitude. The country is generally flat though the average altitude is about 1000m. Due to the rather high altitude, temperatures range between 21 to 25°C. The mountain areas of Mount Elgon and the Rwenzori mountains are even cooler and the top of both mountains experiences some snow. The hottest period of the year is from December to February when temperature rise 29 degrees Celsius. The country experiences two rainy seasons: April to May and October to November, with April being the wettest month. The north however has a wet season lasting from April to October. The best times to visit are December-March and June-September.

Border post: Uganda is a landlocked country bordered by Sudan on the North, Kenya on the east, Tanzania on the South, Rwanda on the southwest and Zaire on the northwest.  The main border points which see some type of tourist activities are the border crossing into Rwanda and the Malaba and Busia border crossings into Kenya.

Local travel: There is an extensive service of minibuses connecting most parts of the country from Kampala. Bus service is rather unreliable except for the scheduled service between Entebbe and Kampala. Driving in Uganda is on the left, a legacy of British rule. Rental cars are available at Entebbe and Kampala. You need to show an international drivers license to hire a vehicle.

Passport and Visas: This is a guide only – please check with your nearest Ugandan consulate for up to date information. All visitors are required to carry a passport that is valid for 3 months from date of entry. There should be sufficient blank pages for entry stamps upon arrival. Nationals of some countries may obtain visas upon arrival. Check with the Ugandan consulate beforehand.

General accomodation information: Most safari lodges vary in size and style, and are built to blend in with the local environment. Accommodation tends to be of rondavel or banda type, with a lounge, central dining and bar in single unit hotels. Do not be misled by the term “tented accommodation” – these tends to be luxurious insect-proof tents and are usually permanently pitched on concrete bases, often including en suite bathrooms with flush toilets. These are very popular and give the visitor the true experience of being close to nature without the inconvenience and discomfort that can be associated with camping in the open. In the towns, cheaper hotels are definitely avoidable. Prices for higher range hotels vary according to season. Note that although prices may be quoted in US$, payment in local currency is the accepted norm. Campsites in national parks and game reserves tend to be very basic, with running water, but only pit toilets. It is strongly recommended that you reserve all your accommodation as far in advance as possible as availability is often at a premium, especially in peak season.

Health: Visitors over 1 year of age from yellow fever infected areas require yellow fever international certificate of vaccination. Exemptions are made for visitors arriving from non-endemic areas such as Europe, North America, Australia and New Zealand. Visitors from non-endemic areas, if traveling outside urban areas are encouraged to obtain a vaccination. Cholera is a serious health risk in this country and precautions are called for. Typhoid is also widespread and immunization is advisable.

Malaria is widespread throughout the country including urban centers such as Kampala, Fort Portal, Jinja, Mbale and the Kigezi area. Visitors are strongly advised to take anti-malaria medication commencing two weeks before travel. Note that resistance to chloroquine has been reported. Bilharzia is a risk and you are advised not to swim or paddle in fresh water lakes and rivers. Swimming pools in good hotels and clubs are usually well chlorinated and maintained and are safe. Tuberculosis and hepatitis (A, B & E) are present in Uganda.

HIV-AIDS is prevalent in the country and needless to say prudent measures are necessary. Good hospitals, health facilities and chemists are only to be found in the main towns. Medical facilities for advanced treatment including surgery are scarce even in Kampala.

Medical services: Medical services in Uganda are good in Kampala and Entebbe, but are limited elsewhere. Doctors and hospitals often require immediate cash payment, but usually accept major credit cards. It is advisable to secure medical cover on your medical insurance before arriving in the country. Note that major hotels have contracts with physicians and dentists. Visitors are however advised to bring along supplies of specialized medication they may require.

Safety: Travel in Uganda is generally safe, with the exception of the extreme northern part of the country. You are advised to remain informed on the situation in areas to which you plan to travel. Petty crime and theft occurs in some of the urban areas, so be vigilant and keep valuables concealed. Security within the parks is quite good, but never leaves possessions unattended. It is always better to travel in a large group.

Water: While water in major towns is chlorinated and relatively safe to drink, there are frequent breakdowns and this can lead to mild to serious abdominal upsets for first time African travellers. Rather stick to sealed bottled water, which is available from most hotels and lodges, and which is highly advised for the first few weeks of your stay. Do not use ice cubes or eat rare meat, raw seafood or dairy products. Avoid roadside stands and street vendors and only eat well-cooked foods while they are still hot and fruits that can be peeled without contamination.

What to pack: Generally, casual comfortable clothing is suitable throughout the year. The most practical items to pack for safari are:

* Dry fast clothes, beige, tan and neutral colors.
* Blouses and shirts with long sleeves (even in summer, they will protect you from the sun and from mosquitoes).
* T - Shirts.
* Shorts or a light skirt.
* Jeans or safari trousers for evenings and cooler days.
* Some hotels and country clubs require gentlemen to wear a jacket and tie and women to be suitably attired for dinner.
* A jacket and sweater are recommended for early morning and evening game drives.
* Swimwear and beach apparel.
* Comfortable walking shoes.
* Sun block, sunglasses, hat, insect repellent, moisturizer and lip salve are all essentials.

If you are traveling with an organized safari, it is important to check what your weight limit is. Generally you will need to restrict your luggage to 10-12 kg (packed in a soft bag) plus a reasonable amount of camera equipment.

When to go: Uganda is a year round destination with excellent bird watching and game viewing. One of Uganda’s greatest attractions is the Mountain Gorillas and Chimpanzees in Bwindi Impenetrable Forest. The best time of the year to visit Uganda is just after the rains between October and November and March as the weather at this time of year is generally dry and this is a good time for bird viewing and watching Mountain Gorillas.

Banking: Monday to Friday: 0830 hours to 1400 hours.

Money: The unit of currency is the Uganda shilling. The US dollar is traditionally the hard currency of preference, but the Euro and Pound Sterling are also widely accepted. Hard currency cash can be changed for local currency at banks and private bureaux de change in all large towns, but travellers’ cheques are not widely accepted outside Kampala. Local currency can be drawn against Visa and other major credit cards at selected ATMs in Kampala, at Entebbe International Airport, and in a few other large towns.

Tipping: Tipping is the appreciation of services offered. It is not compulsory but highly recommended as it is a safari tradition. Most lodges, camps and hotels have a tip box located at the reception, or a central location. We recommend US $ 5 per client per day. Tips left here will be divided amongst the lodge staff that you don't get to meet during your stay. If you are particulary satisfied with assistance received from someone a personal tip is acceptable - a guideline on how tip is as follows. Porters: US $ 5 for the luggage, restaurant staff - 10% of cost consumption per meal, safari guide: US $ 20 per day. However, if services are exceptionally good, you are free to give over the guidelines.

Souvenirs: As in most African countries, there is a huge range of souvenirs to be purchased along the roadside. Always check the quality before buying. Materials include ebony and soapstone. Note that it is illegal to export products that contain any elements of Elephant, Rhino or Sea turtle. Tribal souvenirs are available, including kiondos (woven sisal baskets) and natural or decorated calabashes (dried gourds). Bright sarongs (kangas or kikois) make good wearable souvenirs. If you are after quality artwork, it is probably wisest to look in galleries and shops that deal in it, rather than buying on the roadside.

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RWANDA

Geography: Rwanda is a landlocked country in Eastern Africa bordered by Uganda in the north, Tanzania in the east, Burundi in the south and Zaire to the north-west. It is situated on the eastern rim of the Albertine Rift, a western arm of the Great Rift Valley, on the watershed between Africa's two largest river systems: the Nile and the Congo. Much of the country's 26,338 sq km are impressively mountainous, the highest peak being Karisimbi (4,507m) in the volcanic Virunga chain protected by the Volcanoes National Park. The largest body of water is Lake Kivu, but there are other numerous lakes around the country, notably Burera, Ruhondo, Muhazi and Mugesera, some of which have erratic shapes following the contours of the steep mountains that enclose them.

People: The original inhabitants of Rwanda were the Twa pygmies who have mostly been displaced by the two bigger tribes, the Tutsi making up 19% of the population and Hutus at 80%. The official languages are French English and Kinya-rwanda. Swahili the lingua franca of eastern African countries is spoken though on a smaller scale in comparison to Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda.

Climate: Most of Rwanda is 3,000 ft above sea level, and this contributes to a pleasant tropical highland climate, with a daily temperature range as great as 14°C (25°F). The temperature varies considerably from region to region because of the altitude difference. The average daytime temperature is about 30°C except in the highlands where it is much cooler. There are four seasons; long rains from mid March to mid May, short rains from mid-October to mid-December; long dry period from mid-May to mid-October and short dry season from mid-December to mid-March. The north-east has more rainfall than other parts of the country.

Getting around: Rwanda has possibly the best roads in East Africa. Most visitors who have booked through our tour company will be provided with good private 4x4  vehicles. All of the major centers are connected with local and luxury bus services. Air charter services are available anywhere in the country.

Passportsand Visas: This is a guide only – please check with your nearest Rwandan consulate for up to date information. All visitors are required to carry a passport that is valid for 3 months beyond the intended length of stay. There should be sufficient blank pages for entry stamps. The visa cost US $ 60 and can be bought upon arrival.

General accomodation information: Most safari lodges vary in size and style, and are built to blend in with the local environment. Accommodation tends to be of rondavel or banda type, with a lounge, central dining and bar in single unit hotels. Do not be misled by the term “tented accommodation” – these tend to be luxurious insect-proof tents and are usually permanently pitched on concrete bases, often including en suite bathrooms with flush toilets. These are very popular and give the visitor the true experience of being close to nature without the inconvenience and discomfort that can be associated with camping in the open. In the towns, cheaper hotels are definitely avoidable. Prices for higher range hotels vary according to season. Note that although prices may be quoted in US$, payment in local currency is the accepted norm. Campsites in national parks and game reserves tend to be very basic, with running water, but only pit toilets. It is strongly recommended that you reserve all your accommodation as far in advance as possible as availability is often at a premium, especially in peak season.

Health
A certificate of yellow-fever vaccination is required. Much of Rwanda lies at too high an elevation for malaria to be a major concern, but the disease is present and prophylactic drugs are strongly recommended.

Safety: Most of Rwanda is currently safe, the capital city, national parks and other outlying towns are entirely safe for visitors, but anywhere close to the border of Congo (Zaire) and Burundi are not entirely safe and should be avoided.

Water: While water in major towns is chlorinated and relatively safe to drink, there are frequent breakdowns and this can lead to mild to serious abdominal upsets for first time African travellers. Rather stick to sealed bottled water, which is available from most hotels and lodges, and which is highly advised for the first few weeks of your stay. Do not use ice cubes or eat rare meat, raw seafood or dairy products. Avoid roadside stands and street vendors and only eat well-cooked foods while they are still hot and fruits that can be peeled without contamination.

What to pack: Generally speaking, casual comfortable clothing is suitable throughout the year. Dress codes are informal. Daytime temperatures are generally warm, so bring lots of light clothing, supplemented by light sweaters for the cool evenings and heavier clothing for the Parc des Volcans and Nyungwe. When tracking gorillas, it is advisable to wear sturdier clothing and shoes to protect against stinging nettles and other impediments while hiking. A hat and sunglasses provide protection against the sun, and a waterproof jacket may come in handy in the higher elevations of the mountains.

When to go: Rwanda can be visited any time of the year even during the rainy seasons as the scenery then is greener and the skies are clearer. The wet seasons season is the best time to trek chimpanzees in Nyungwe forest as they during dry season’s wander further away into the forest and consequently are harder to spot. There are two rainy seasons. The long rains from mid February to beginning of June and the short rains from mid September to mid December. Although it can be raining quite heavily in the mountains these periods, it is no problem to travel these periods either.

The main dry season lasts from June to September and is the best time to trek the gorillas in Volcanoes National Park. It is also worth noting that with the above mentioned, the climate is not uniform throughout the country. It is drier in the east than in the west and north. Sometimes the volcanoes can even be capped in snow. Kigali and Volcanoes National Park can become rather chilly. The areas around Lake Kivu are generally rather sunny and pleasant all year round.

Money: The unit of currency is the Rwanda franc. The US dollar is the hard currency of preference. It may be impossible to exchange travelers' cheques away from the capital. Credit cards are usually only accepted at the major hotels in Kigali and may attract 5% surcharge, please check this before payments.

Banking: Monday to Friday: 0830 hours -1130 hours and 1330 hours -1630 hours.  Saturday: 0830 houors – 1130 hours.

Tipping: Tipping is the appreciation of services offered. It is not compulsory but highly recommended as it is a safari tradition. Most lodges, camps and hotels have a tip box located at the reception, or a central location. We recommend US $ 5 per client per day. Tips left here will be divided amongst the lodge staff that you don't get to meet during your stay. If you are particulary satisfied with assistance received from someone a personal tip is acceptable - a guideline on how tip is as follows. Porters: US $ 5 for the luggage, restaurant staff - 10% of cost consumption per meal, safari guide: US $ 20 per day. However, if services are exceptionally good, you are free to give over the guidelines.

Souvenirs: As in most African countries, there is a huge range of souvenirs to be purchased along the roadside. Always check the quality before buying. Materials include ebony and soapstone. Note that it is illegal to export products that contain any elements of Elephant, Rhino or Sea turtle. Tribal souvenirs are available, including Maasai beaded jewellery, kiondos (woven sisal baskets) and natural or decorated calabashes (dried gourds). Bright sarongs (kangas or kikois) make good wearable souvenirs. If you are after quality artwork, it is probably wisest to look in galleries and shops that deal in it, rather than buying on the roadside.
                                                               
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ETHIOPIA

Geography: Ethiopia has a long, rich and colourful history. With its ancient history, its long connection with Christianity and it's complex culture, Ethiopia is a fascinating country to visit. Ethiopia is known for its exceptional historical attractions, including centuries-old rock-hewn churches and grand castles. Home to some archeological finds, Ethiopia is known as the Cradle of Humanity. In contrast to its international image as a land of desert and famine, the word 'diverse' is the only way to describe Ethiopia. Diverse in Geography, peoples and wildlife, the country offers correspondingly diverse attractions. The Simien and Bale mountains offer very scenic trekking, the rivers of the south offers white water rafting and fishing  and the country's parks have good and endemic butterflies, wildlife and exceptional birds. The south-western regions offer memorable encounters with tribes considered among the most fascinating on the continent.

With an area of 1, 098, 000 sq km measuring five times the size of Britain or about twice the size of Texas and a population of appr 58 million people, Ethiopia has its own particular language and script, its own food and drink, its own church and saints, even its own calendar and clock. Endlessly fascinating, it defies any categorization or generalisation; Ethiopia is like no other country in Africa.

Ethiopia's topography is incredibily diverse, boasting 20 mountains above 4000 m, as well as one of the lowest points on the Earth's surface: the Danakil Depresion. Two principal geographical zones can be found in the country: the cool higlands and the hot lowlands that sorround them. The topographical feature is the vast central plateau, which has an average of between 1800-2400m. It is here that the country's major peaks are found including Ras Dashen (4620m), Ethiopia's highest mountain and the fourth highest in Africa.

People: Ethiopia is known for its extraordinaly patheon of long-distance runners. One of the most famous and still breaking records today is Haile Gebreselaissie, arguably the greatest long-distance runner in the world and one of the best of all time.

The people of Ethiopia are complex, diverse and isolated. Ethiopia's rugged terrain has also seen the development of great cultural diversity; some of the ethnic groups that inhabit the south-west, such as Mursi lip strechers and Karo body painters are among the most fascinating on the African continent.

Climate: Ethiopia's climate reflects its topography. The highlands has temperature with an average daytime of 16 C. Most rains occurs between mid-June to mid-September when around 1000mm fall. Rainfall is much more erratic and in the lowlands is around half that of the highlands, but some areas also experience 'small rains' falling between March and April.

In the Bale mountains in the south, snow sometimes falls. At the other end of the scale, temparatures in the Danakil Depression can touch 50 C, and rainfall in the region is practically zero. The far south and the eastern lowlands are hot and dry. The western lowlands are hot and humid and are the most 'tropical' area of Ethiopia. In the south west, the main rains occur from March to June, and small rains in November.

Border post: There are six official points of entry by land into Ethiopia from neighbouring countries: at Rama and Zela Anbessa coming from Eritrea; at Douale coming (by train) from Djibouti; at Moyale from Kenya; and at Humera and Metema from Sudan. All have full customs and immigration checks.

Getting around: Ethiopia has possibly the best roads in Africa. All tour participants booked through Mbango Safaris East Africa Ltd will use good 4 x 4 vehicles. The only regular domestic air service is provided by the national carrier, Ethiopian Airlines. The north and west of the country is well served with atleast three departure per week if not daily. It's well worth considering a flight or two as they are reasonably priced and cuts out days spent on the road. In the usually clear, blue Ethiopian skies and lower-altitude flying of the smaller domestic planes, you'll see some landscape too. The views - such as when you cross the Simien Mountains between Gondar and Lallibela - are stunning. The baggage limit is 20 kgs for domestic flights.

Passport and Visas: This is a guide only – please check with your nearest Ethiopian Embassy for up to date information. All visitors need visas to visit Ethiopia and these should be obtained from Ethiopia embassy in your home country before arrival in Ethiopia. If there is no diplomatic representation in your country, you can obtain a tourist, business or transit visa on arrival. Transit visas on arrival are for a maximum of 72 hours. Some Ethiopian embassies abroad may require the following: onward air ticket, a visa for the next country you're planning to visit, a yellow-fever vaccination certificate and proof of sufficient funds. To obtain a business visa, you'll need a covering letter from your company. If you're coming to Ethiopia with a one way ticket, it's a very good idea to carry proof of your intention to travel to other countries. A valid visa for the next country you plan to visit is usually sufficient, or evidence of ample funds such as travellers cheques or credit cards.

In general, tourist visas are issued for single entry and cost around US $ 65, and are valid for one month from the date of arrival in Ethiopia. If  you're planning to spend more than a month in Ethiopia, you're need to plan your itinerary so that you're back in Addis Ababa in time to renew your visa.

General accomodation information: Tourism is still relatively undeveloped in Ethiopia and accomondation is fairly limited outside the major towns. Most accomodations vary in size and style, and are built to blend in with the local environment. Accommodation tends to be of rondavel or banda type though facilities are lacking outside large towns, with a lounge, central dining and bar in single unit hotels. Do not be misled by the term “tented accommodation” – these tends to be luxurious insect-proof tents and are usually permanently pitched on concrete bases, often including en suite bathrooms with flush toilets. These are very popular and give the visitor the true experience of being close to nature without the inconvenience and discomfort that can be associated with camping in the open. In the towns, cheaper hotels are definitely avoidable. Prices for higher range hotels vary according to season. Note that although prices may be quoted in US $, payment in local currency is the accepted norm. Campsites in national parks and game reserves tend to be very basic and lack any kind of facilities and consist of little more than a clearing beside a river. When camping out, security is not usually a problem except for some parts of the Omo Valley region where raiding is a tradition and a means of survival for the people. Remember to ensure that the area in which you wish to camp is free of land mines. Popular places for camping include the Bales and Simien Mountains, Lake Langano, and the Omo Valley. It is strongly recommended that you reserve all your accommodation as far in advance as possible as availability is often at a premium, especially in peak season.

Health: Adequate health insurance is essential as medical facilities are limited in Ethioipia. Plan ahead for immunisation - ideally six weeks before travel. Carry proof of your vaccinations, particulary the yellow-fever vaccination, which is required for entrance to Ethiopia. Cholera is a serious health risk in this country and precautions are called for. Typhoid is also widespread and immunization is advisable.

Malaria is widespread throughout Ethiopia and visitors are strongly advised to take anti-malaria medication commencing two weeks before travel. Note that resistance to chloroquine has been reported. Bilharzia is a risk and you are advised not to swim or paddle in fresh water lakes and rivers. Swimming pools in good hotels and clubs are usually well chlorinated and maintained and are safe. Tuberculosis and hepatitis (A, B & E) are present in Ethiopia.

HIV-AIDS is prevalent in the country and needless to say prudent measures are necessary. Good hospitals, health facilities and chemists are only to be found in the main towns. Medical facilities for advanced treatment including surgery are scarce even in Addis Ababa.

Medical services: Adequate health insurance is essential. Medical services in Ethiopia are limited. Although most doctors are well trained, supplies and modern equipment are lacking even in Addis Ababa. Emergency assistance is limited outside the capital. While there's no undue cause for alarm, tour participants are best advised to tour well advised: adequately immunized and with their own supplies of prescription drugs and with a reasonable medical kit.

Safety: Travel in Ethiopia is generally safe, with the exception of the extreme east part of the country. You are advised to remain informed on the situation in areas to which you plan to travel. Petty crime and theft occurs in some of the urban areas and diminishes further outside he capital, so be vigilant and keep all valuables concealed. Security within the parks is quite good except for some parts of the Omo Valley region where raiding is a tradition and a means of survival for the people, but never leave possessions unattended. It is always better to travel in an organized tour or large group.

Drinks: Water, Coffee, Tea, Fruit Juice & alcohol drinks: While water in major towns is chlorinated and relatively safe to drink, there are frequent breakdowns and this can lead to mild to serious abdominal upsets for first time African travellers. Rather stick to sealed bottled water (Ambo is the most famous brand of mineral water and its name has become synonymous with it), which is available from most hotels and lodges, and which is highly advised for the first few weeks of your stay. Do not use ice cubes or eat raw meat and seafood or dairy products. Avoid roadside stands and street vendors and only eat well-cooked foods while they are still hot and fruits that can be peeled without contamination.

Ethiopia claims to be the original home of coffee. The crop also represents the country's most important export so far. The famous 'coffee ceremony' is an intergral part of Ethiopian culture and ettiquette. In Muslim areas tea is often preferred and is often black, sometimes spiced with cloves or ginger.

There are various varieties of local beers available including the well-known Bedele beer. Ethiopian beer is mild, quite smooth and perfectly drinkable.  

What to pack: Generally, casual comfortable clothing is suitable throughout the year. The most practical items to pack for safari are:

* Dry fast clothes, beige, tan and neutral colors.
* Blouses and shirts with long sleeves (even in summer, they will protect you from the sun and from mosquitoes).
* T - Shirts.
* Shorts or a light skirt.
* Jeans or safari trousers for evenings and cooler days.
* Some hotels and country clubs require gentlemen to wear a jacket and tie and women to be suitably attired for dinner.
* A jacket and sweater are recommended for early morning and evening game drives.
* Swimwear and beach apparel.
* Comfortable walking shoes.
* Sun block, sunglasses, hat, insect repellent, moisturizer and lip salve are all essentials.

If you are traveling with an organized safari, it is important to check what your weight limit. Generally you will need to restrict your luggage to 15 kg (packed in a soft bag) plus a reasonable amount of camera equipment or hand baggage.

When to go: Travel to Ethiopia and experience '13 months of sunshine'. Although there is a rainy season from mid-June to the end of September Ethiopia is a year round destination with excellent bird watching and game viewing. One of Ethipia's greatest attractions is it's series of castles and churches. The best time of the year to visit Ethiopia is just after the rains between November and January as the weather at this time of year is generally dry and this is a good time for bird and wildlife viewing.

Banking: Monday to Friday: 0800 hours to 1600 hours usually with a lunch break between noon and 2 pm. Saturdays from 0900 hours to 1200 hours.

Money: Ethiopia's currency is the birr. It is divided into 100 cents in 1, 5, 10, 25 and 50 cent coins, and 1, 5, 10, 50 and 100 birr notes. In the last couple of years the average exchange rate has flactuated between Birr 7 and Birr to the US dollar. The US dollar is traditionally the hard currency of preference, but the Euro and Sterling Pound are also widely accepted. Hard currency cash can be changed for local currency at banks and private bureaux de change in all large towns, but travellers’ cheques are not widely accepted outside Addis Ababa. There are charges a 0.5% service charge, a 'postage' charge of Birr 2-4 for each five cheques cashed and a 'revenue stamp' of 20 c per cheque. Major credit cards are now incresingly accepted and a commission of 5% is sometimes charged, you should inquire in advance of transactions. Outside the capital, you have to rely entirely on cash. Furnish your self with good wad of small notes - Birr 1 in particular - as you'll inevitably neeed these for paying small bills. Please note changing Birr back into dollars is a hussle.

Tipping: Tipping is the appreciation of services offered. It is not compulsory but highly recommended as it is a safari tradition. Most lodges, camps and hotels have a tip box located at the reception, or a central location. We recommend US $ 5 per client per day. Tips left here will be divided amongst the lodge staff that you don't get to meet during your stay. If you are particulary satisfied with assistance received from someone a personal tip is acceptable - a guideline on how tip is as follows. Porters: US $ 5 for the luggage, restaurant staff - 10% of cost consumption per meal, safari guide: US $ 20 per day. However, if services are exceptionally good, you are free to give over the guidelines.

Souvenirs: As in most African countries, Ethiopia has a terrific huge selection of souvenirs. Always check the quality before buying as it ranges from poor to very high and prices largely depends on your negotiation skills and ability. The capital and some of the towns along the historical route have a good selection of souvenir shops, many selling items inspired by Ethiopia's Christian heritage, ranging from well-curved wooden crosses and rather garish animal-skin paintings to thick rugs dah. Other souvenirs include gabi - the white, light cotton toga worn by the local men, potery, calabashes, leatherwork, hornwork, basketware and wood carvings. Please note that it is illegal to export products that contain any elements of Elephant, Rhino or Sea turtle. If you are after quality artwork, it is probably wisest to look in galleries and shops that deal in it in the capital, rather than buying on the roadside. Shipping stuff home isn't difficult to organize and is reasonably priced.

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